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CMNS 401: Cultural Policy in Canada (Rev. C6) Report a Broken Link

This course provides an overview of cultural policy in Canada, with a primary focus on the national level, but situated within the larger context of cultural policy developments at the international, provincial, and municipal levels. The course examines the conceptual foundations of cultural policy, definitions of culture, the evolution of cultural policy in Canada over the past 100 years, and some of the major ideas and discourses that have shaped its development both historically and in recent years. 

Readings for Unit 1—Bird on the Wire: Foundations of Cultural Policy

Required Readings
Bell, D., & Oakley, K. (2014). The culture of cultural policy. In Cultural policy (pp. 16–44). Routledge.
Gattinger, M., & Saint-Pierre, D. (2008). Can national cultural policy approaches be used for sub-national comparisons? An analysis of the Québec and Ontario experiences in Canada. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 14(3), 335–354.
Mulcahy, K. V. (2006). Cultural policy: Definitions and theoretical approaches. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 35(4), 319–330.
Goff, P., & Jenkins, B. (2006). The “New World” of culture: Reexamining Canadian cultural policy. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 36(3), 181–196.
Recommended Readings
Jeannotte, M. S. (2009). Cultural policy in Canada: Presentation at International Cultural Policy Course, Carnegie Mellon University.
Marsh, J. H., & Harvey, J. (2016). Cultural Policy. In The Canadian Encyclopedia.
Policy Documents
UNESCO. (2012). Government of Canada cultural policies and measures.
UNESCO. (2020). UNESCO constitution. In Basic texts. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNESCO. (2005). The convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions. 
UNESCO. (2001). UNESCO universal declaration on cultural diversity.
UNESCO. (1952, 1971). The convention on the protection of copyright and neighbouring rights.

Readings for Unit 2— When We Were Almost Young: Inventing Cultural Policy

Required Readings
Dholandas, C. & Paquette, J. (2021). Arts policy, heritage policy, and the construction of a Canadian identity (1840–1949). In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette, (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge.

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Gattinger, M. (2011). Democratization of culture, cultural democracy and governance. Canadian Public Arts Funders.
Lum, Ken. (2006). Canadian cultural policy: a metaphysical problem. In S. Rand, & H. Kouris, On cultural influence: Collected papers from apexart international conferences 1999-2006. Apexart.
Milz, S. (2007). Canadian cultural policy-making at a time of neoliberal globalization. English Studies in Canada, 33(1-2), 85–107.
Recommended Readings
Beauregard, D. (2021). Culture in transition: The cultural policy legacy of the Massey Commission. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge.
Dewing, M. (2011). Canadian broadcasting policy. (Publication No. 2011-39E.) Library of Parliament.
Dewing, M. (2010). Federal Government Policy on Arts and Culture. Ottawa: Library of Parliament. Publication No. 2008-41E.
Gattinger, M., & Saint-Pierre, D. (2010). The “Neoliberal Turn” in provincial cultural policy and administration in Québec and Ontario: The emergence of ‘Quasi-Neoliberal’ approaches, Canadian Journal of Communication, 35(2), 279–302. 
Jeannotte, M. S. (2006). Timeline of Canadian federal cultural policy milestones: 1849 to 2005. Ottawa: Department of Canadian Heritage–Canadian Cultural Observatory. (Please note that many of the hyperlinks in this document may no longer work.)
Rabinowich, Victor (2007). Four constants in Canadian cultural policy. Canadian Museum of History.
Zemans, J. (1996). Where is here? Canadian culture in a globalized world. Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies, York University. 
Policy Documents
Broadcasting Act. SC 1991, c. 11.
Canada. (1951). Royal Commission on national development in the arts, letters and sciences report. Ottawa: King’s Printer. 
Canada. Department of Communications. (1982). Report of the federal cultural policy review committee. Hull, Québec: Canadian Government Publication Centre. 
Department of Canadian Heritage Act. SC 1995, c. 11.
Government of Canada. (2016). Report on plans and priorities – Canadian Heritage 2016–17.
Parliament of Canada. (1999). A sense of place—A sense of being: The evolving role of the federal government in support of culture in Canada. Ottawa: Ninth Report Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage. 
Prime Minister of Canada. (2015). Minister of Canadian Heritage mandate letter.  

Readings for Unit 3—Came So Far For Beauty: The Arts

Required Readings
Berland, J. (2007). Politics of the exasperated: Arts and culture in Canada.  Educational Studies in Canada, 33(3), 24-30.
Lacassagne, A.(2022). Canadian cultural policy and Indigenous arts: Taking stock. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette (Eds.), Canadian cultural policy in transition (pp. 83-90). Routledge.
Mulcahy, K. V. (2021). [Review of the book The roots of culture, the power of art: The first sixty years of the Canada Council for the Arts, by M. Gattinger]. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 51(1), 92-94.
Potter, E. (2020). From “stardust” to statecraft: The Canada Council for the Arts and the evolution of Canadian cultural diplomacy. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 75(2), 199-219.
Wells, I. (2017, October 3). Why Canada’s new cultural policy will be terrible for the arts. The Walrus.
Recommended Readings
Bellavance, G. (2011). Chapter 2. Public assistance for artistic creation. In The Visual Arts in Canada: A Synthesis and Critical Analysis of Recent Research, (pp.17-36). Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre - Urbanisation Culture Société.
Canada Council for the Arts (2007). The evolution of the Canada Council’s support of the arts
D'Andrea, M. J. (2017). Symbolic power: Impact of government priorities for arts funding in Canada. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 47(4), 245-258
Fatona, A. M. (2011). Where outreach meets outrage: Racial equity at the Canada Council for the Arts (1989–1999).  [Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto]. Tspace.
Harvey, J., (2016). Canada Council for the Arts, Canadian Encyclopedia.
Hill, K. (2005, July). Government spending on culture in Canada, 1992-93 to 2002-03.  Canada Conference of the Arts
Jeannotte, M. S. (2021). When the gigs are gone: Valuing arts, culture and media in the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 100097.
Santini, Lauryn (2013). Support of diverse and (perceived) controversial art. In Public Funding of the Visual Arts in Canada: Keeping Creativity at an Arm’s Length. [Master’s Thesis, Sotheby’s Institute of Art]. Proquest Dissertations.
Verjee, Z. (2019, October 18,). Art policy vs. social policy and the federal election. Canadian Art.
Wozny, M. L. (2009). National audiovisual preservation initiatives and the independent media arts in canada. Archivaria 67: Special Section on Taking a Stand!: Activism in Canadian Cultural Archives, 87-113.
Policy Documents
Canada Council for the Arts Act. RSC 1985, c. C-2.
Canada Council (2015). Supporting Indigenous art in the spirit of cultural self-determination and opposing appropriation. 
Canada Council for the Arts (n.d.). Corporate Policies and Documents.
Canada Council for the Arts (n.d., 2021). Commitments. Strategic Vision.  
Canada Council for the Arts (n.d.). Fields of Practice.  
Canada Council for the Arts. (2016). Shaping a new future: Strategic plan 2016–21.
Dewing, M. (2013). Federal government policy on arts and culture. Publication No. 2008-41-E. Library of Parliament. 
Government of Canada. (2016). Chapter 5 – An inclusive and fair Canada. In Growing the Middle Class – Budget 2016.  
Museums Act. SC 1990, c. 3.  
National Arts Centre. (2015). Canada is our stage: National Arts Centre strategic plan – 2015–2020.
National Arts Centre Act. RSC 1985, c. N-3.  
Parliament of Canada. Report of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage (2015). Review of Dance in Canada. 41st Parl., 2nd sess. 
Status of the Artist Act. SC 1992, c. 33.

Readings for Unit 4—Tower of Song: The Cultural and Creative Industries Part 1

Required Readings
D’Amico, F. (2015). “The mic is my piece”: Canadian rap, the gendered “cool pose,” and music industry racialization and regulation. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada, 26(1), 255–290.
Gauthier, J. L. (2016). Digital not diversity? Changing Aboriginal media policy at the National Film Board of Canada. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 22(3), 331-352
Grant, K. W. (2018, March 1). The impact of Canadian cultural policy and the role of broadcast radio. Forbes.
Muia, J. (2020). Northern exposure: Canadian content, cultural identity, and the creation of a national music industry. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 27(2), 351-369.
Recommended Readings
Acland, C. R. (1994). National dreams, international encounters: The formation of Canadian film culture in the 1930s, Revue canadienne d’études cinématographiques / Canadian Journal of Film Studies, 3(1), 3–26.
Baeker, G. (2002). Sharpening the lens: Recent research on cultural policy, cultural diversity, and social cohesion. Canadian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 179-196.
Berland, J. (2016). Governments and music. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
Berland, J. (2006). Applebaum-Hébert Report. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
Cision. (2021, August 6). Government of Canada investments of $70 million to support Canada's artists and live music sector.
Cunningham, S. (2002). From cultural to creative industries: Theory, industry and policy implications, Media International Australia, 102(1), 54–65.
DeCillia, B. & McCurdy, P.  (2016, November 24). Viewing the CBC as a public good. Policy Options.
Dickenson, V. (2002). Canadian content: The authorized version. Canadian Journal of Communication, 27(4), 453-460.
Dyer-Witheford, N. & Sharman, Z. (2005). The political economy of Canada’s video and computer game industry. Canadian Journal of Communication, 30(2), 187-210.
Geist, M. (2019, June 3).The authoritative Canadian copyright review: Industry committee issues balanced, forward-looking report on the future of Canadian copyright law.
Henderson, G. (2017, June 16). The value gap in Canada’s cultural industries. Policy Options.
Kribs, K. A. (2021). From piracy panic to platform praise (and back again): Digitization’s impact on making, moving, and monetizing music in Canada. [Doctoral thesis, York University]. YorkSpace.
Lafontaine, M. (2015). Overview of the Canadian feature film industry: 2012–2015. Telefilm Canada.
Marche, S. (2016, August 20). Watching Canada’s biggest rock band say a dramatic goodbye. The New Yorker.
Nikzad, R. & Solomon, R. (2019). The value of copyright-based industries in Canada. Creative Industries Journal, 12(2), 224-228.
Schwanen, D. (2017). Choosing Canada: Creative cultural policy in the twenty-first century. C.D. Howe Institute.
Sutherland, R.F. (2009). Making Canadian music industry policy 1970-1998. [Doctoral thesis, McGill University]. eScholarship@McGill.
Telefilm Canada (2013). Indigenous Feature Film Production in Canada: A National and International Perspective.
Tepperman, C. (2017). Bureaucrats and movie czars: Canada’s feature film policy since 2000. Media Industries, 4(2).
Woolf, M. (2022, April 10). What’s Canadian? Regulator will define what qualifies as a Canadian film. The Canadian Press.
Policy Documents
Canada (1982). Report of the Federal Cultural Policy Review Committee
National Film Act. RSC 1985, c. N-8. (An Act respecting the National Film Board.)
Telefilm Canada Act. RSC 1985, c. C-16.
Canada (2019). House of Commons. Statutory Review Of The Copyright Act. Report of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology.
CBC (2020). Strategy 2020. A Space for Us All
Copyright Modernization Act. SC 2012, c. 20.
Canada (2005). Scripts, Screens And Audiences: A New Feature Film Policy For The 21st Century. House of Commons. Report Of The Standing Committee On Canadian Heritage.
Canada (1929). Report of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting (Aird Commission). F. A. Acland, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.
Canada (1957). Royal Commission on Broadcasting (Fowler Commission). Queen’s Printer.
National Film Board (2013). Imagine, engage, transform: A vision, a plan. 2013–2018.
National Film Board of Canada (n.d.). Indigenous Film Making at the NFB.
National Film Board of Canada. (2017, June 20). Indigenous action plan.
Parliament of Canada (2014). Review of the feature film industry in Canada. Report of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage.
Canadian Heritage (2017). Film and video policies
Broadcasting Act. SC 1991, c. 11.
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Act. RSC 1985, c. C-22.
National Film Act. RSC 1985, c. N-8.
Telefilm Canada Act.  RSC 1985, c. C-16.
Telefilm Canada (2015). Inspired by talent. Viewed everywhere: 2015–2018 strategic plan.

Readings for Unit 5—Take This Waltz: The Cultural and Creative Industries Part 2

Required Readings
Druick, Z., & Deveau, D. (2015). Guest Editorial: Cultural Production in Canada. Canadian Journal of Communication, 40, 157–163
Galloway, S. & Dunlop, S. (2007). A critique of definitions of the cultural and creative industries in public policy, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 13(1), 17-31.
Robertson, K. (2011, March). Dancing Mounties, Flamingo Pink Jackets, Culture and Elitism. Fuse Magazine, 34(2), 25-31.
Udy, V. (2015, November 19). The appropriation of Aboriginal cultural heritage: Examining the uses and pitfalls of the Canadian intellectual property regime. Ipinch (Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage).
Recommended Readings
Armstrong, S. (2000). Magazines, cultural policy and globalization: The forced retreat of the state? Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, 26(3), 369–385.
Bell, C. (2011). Intellectual Property and Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Ongoing Research and Issues of Reform.
Bourcheix-Laporte, M. (2021). Creative Canada: A Critical Look at a "New" Cultural Policy Framework. CRTC.
Bourcheix-Laporte, M. (2021b). Digital cultural industrialism and the arts: A critical look at Creative Canada and the Canada Council for the Arts’ Digital Strategy Fund. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge.
Brault, S. (2005). The arts and culture as new engines of economic and social development. Policy Options, 26(3), 56–60.
Coombe, R. J. (2009). First Nations Intangible Cultural Heritage Concerns: Prospects for Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in International Law. In C. E. Bell, & R. K. Paterson, (Eds.), Protection of First Nations Cultural Heritage : Laws, Policy, and Reform, [ebook]. UBC Press.
Howell, R. G., & Ripley, R. (2009). The interconnection of intellectual property and cultural property (traditional knowledge). In C. E. Bell, & R. K. Paterson, (Eds.), Protection of First Nations Cultural Heritage : Laws, Policy, and Reform, [ebook]. UBC Press.
Léger, M. J. (2010). The non‐productive role of the artist: The creative industries in Canada. Third Text, 24(5), 557-570.
Maltais, A. L. (2016). The TPP and cultural diversity. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.  
McGregor, J. (2018, October 17). Canada to apply USMCA cultural exemption to trade in digital media. CBC News.
Narine, S. (2021, July 28). Canada’s intellectual property strategy offers limited protection for cultural expression, traditional knowledge. Toronto Star.
Osborne, H. (2015, November).  Dynamic Fair Dealing: Creating Canadian Culture Online. [Review of the book Dynamic Fair Dealing: Creating Canadian Culture Online, by R. J. Coombe, D. Wershler, & M. Zeilinger, Eds.]. Canadian Journal of Communication 40(4), 750-752.
Seidler, R. (2020). Constitutionalized rights to Indigenous intellectual property. Canadian Intellectual Property Review 35, 51-64.
Thorne, S. (2009). Cultural tourism: A place-based approach. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Presentation at the Creative City Conference.
Policy Documents
Canadian Conference of the Arts. (2012). Copyright reform: The Canadian cultural sector calls on the Senate to repair Bill C-11. Bulletin.
Canada (2022). Canadian Intellectual Property Office.
Canada (2020). Introduction to intellectual property rights and the protection of Indigenous knowledge and cultural expressions in Canada.
Canada (2022). Intellectual Property and Copyright.
Copyright Act. RSC 1985, c. C-42. Justice Laws Website.
Centre on Governance and Canadian Conference of the Arts (2016). In search of the creative economy: Analyses of the 2015–2016 provincial and territorial budgets from the perspective of arts, culture and heritage. Centre on Governance Publications.
Canada (2021). Review and reform of the Copyright Act.

Readings for Unit 6—She Gets You On Her Wavelength: Broadcasting and Sovereignty

Required Readings
Conway, K. (2014). Little Mosque, small screen: Multicultural broadcasting policy and Muslims on television. Television and New Media, 5(7), 648-66.
Gasher, M. (1998). Invoking public support for public broadcasting: The Aird Commission revisited. Canadian Journal of Communication, 23(2).
Lithgow, M. (2019). Translating the public imaginary: The narrative aesthetics of public engagement in Canadian broadcasting policy. The Canadian Journal of Communication, 44(1).
Luka, M. E., & Middleton, C. (2017). Citizen involvement during the CRTC’s Let’s Talk TV Consultation. Canadian Journal of Communication, 41(1). 
Recommended Readings
Acheson, K. (2008). Canadian foreign direct investment policy and the cultural industries. Competition Policy Review Panel.
Armstrong, R. (2015). Broadcasting Policy in Canada (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Bannerman, S., & Ahmed, N. (2022, June 6) Online Streaming Act claims to level the playing field … but for whom? The Conversation.  
Audley, P. (2021, September 3). The future of CBC-RadioCanada is at stake in this election. Toronto Star.
Claus, S. (2021). Canadian broadcasting policy at issue: From Marconi to Netflix. Canadian Radio-Television Commission.
Danks, B. (2022). The CRTC'S "Let’s Talk TV" hearing. BarTalk. 
Degen, J. (2013, June). Cultural nationalism 3.0. Literary Review of Canada.
Filion, M. (1996). Broadcasting and cultural identity: The Canadian experience. Media, Culture & Society 18(3), 447–467.
Lilley, B. (2022, January 22). CBC will get more of your money mostly because it serves Trudeau Liberals. Toronto Sun.
McKelvey, F. (2016, May 9). No more magic algorithms: Cultural policy in an era of discoverability. Data and Society (Points).
Roberts, S. (2022, May 31). The superficial diversity of Canadian TV. The Walrus.
Scherer, J., & Whitson, D. (2009). Public broadcasting, sport, and cultural citizenship: The future of sport on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation? International Review for the Sociology Of Sport, 44(2-3), 213-229. 
Taylor, G. (2010). Canadian broadcasting regulation and the digital television transition. [Doctoral Thesis, McGill University]. Escholarship.
Winseck, D. (2008). The state of media ownership and media markets: Competition or concentration and why should we care?. Sociology Compass, 2(1), 34–47.
Policy Documents
Assembly of First Nations and the Canadian Museum Association. (1994). Turning the page: Forging new partnerships between museums and First Peoples. Ottawa: Task Force Report on Museums and First Peoples.
Canada. (1967–1970). Royal Commission on bilingualism and biculturalism. (Dunton-Laurendeau Commission). Ottawa: Queen’s Printer.
Canadian Museum of Civilization. (2011). Repatriation policy. 
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. (1990). Native broadcasting policy. Ottawa: Public Notice CRTC 1990-89.
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. (1999). Ethnic broadcasting policy. Ottawa: Public Notice CRTC 1999-117.
Canada. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996). Volume 3: Gathering strength. In Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: The Commission.
Dewing. (2014). Canadian Broadcasting Policy. Parliament of Canada. 
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Ottawa: The Commission.
Bill C-10, An Act to amend the Broadcasting Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts, 2022.
CRTC. (2018). Let's Talk TV: A Conversation with Canadians.
Broadcasting Regulatory Policy, CRTC 2015-96.
Broadcasting Act, SC 1991, c 11.
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Act. RSC 1985, c 22.
CRTC (1999, December 17). Public Notice CRTC 1999–197: Exemption Order for New Media Broadcasting Undertakings. CRTC.
Bill C-18: An Act respecting online communications platforms that make news content available to persons in Canada  [The Online News Act]. 44th Parliament, 1st session, November 22, 2021, to present.

Readings for Unit 7— New Skin for the Old Ceremony: Diversity and Cultural Expression

Required Readings
Ashley, S. (2007). The changing face of heritage at Canada’s national historic sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 13(6), 478–488.
Fleras, A. (2015). Multicultural media in a post-multicultural Canada? Rethinking integration. Global Media Journal, 8(2), 25-47.
Paquette, J., Beauregard, D., & Gunter, C. (2015). Settler colonialism and cultural policy: The colonial foundations and refoundations of Canadian cultural policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy 23(3), 269-284.
Yu, S. S. (2016). Instrumentalization of ethnic media. Canadian Journal of Communication, 41, 343–351.
Recommended Readings
Arce, F. (2021, November 25). ‘Historic’ report slams Canadian newsrooms for overwhelming whiteness.  New Canadian Media.
Ashley, S. (2005). State authority and the public sphere: Ideas on the changing role of the museum as a Canadian social institution. Museum and Society, 3(1), 5–17.
Baeker, G. (2002). Sharpening the lens: Recent research on cultural policy, cultural diversity, and social cohesion. Canadian Journal of Communication, 27(2).
Bateman, K. & Karim, K.H. (2009). Canadian legislation, regulations, and guidelines on the representation of diversity. Canadian Journal of Communication, 34(4), 741-748.
Dickenson, V. (2002). Canadian content: The authorized version. Canadian Journal of Communication, 27(4).
Duff, P.A. (2009). Indigenous, minority and heritage language education in Canada: Policies, contexts and issues. Canadian Modern Language Review, 66(9), 1-8.
McMahon, R. (2020). Co-developing digital inclusion policy and programming with Indigenous partners: Interventions from Canada. Internet Policy Review, 9(2), 1-26.
McNeil, D. (2021). Even Canadians find it a bit boring: A report on the banality of multiculturalism. Canadian Journal of Communication, 46(3).
Paquette, J., & Dholandas, C. (2021). Canadian cultural policy: Policy rationale, values, and debates. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge. (Available as an e-book through the Athabasca University Library.)
Nam, G. A. (2021). Analyzing Canadian third language media policy: Carving a path for the future of Canadian ethnic media. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge.
Policy Documents
Annual Report on the Operation of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act 2012-2013.
Assembly of First Nations and the Canadian Museum Association. (1994). Turning the page: Forging new partnerships between museums and First Peoples. Task Force Report on Museums and First Peoples.
Canada (1967–1970). Royal Commission on bilingualism and biculturalism. (Dunton-Laurendeau Commission). Queen’s Printer.
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (1990). Native broadcasting policy. Public Notice 1990-89.
Canadian Multiculturalism Act. RSC 1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.).
Canadian Race Relations Foundation Act. SC 1991, c. 8.
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (1999). Ethnic broadcasting policy. Public Notice 1999-117.
Canada, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996). Volume 3: Gathering strength. In Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. The Commission.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. The Commission.
Official Languages Act. RSC 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.).
Trudeau, P. E. (1971). Government response to volume 4 of the report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Commissioners André Laurendeau and Davidson Dunton. Addressed to the House of Commons, October 8, 1971.

Readings for Unit 8—Old Ideas (or) Who By Fire: The Heritage Sector—Museums, Libraries, and Archives

Required Readings
Canada. (2005). Towards a new museum policy: Discussion guide. Department of Canadian Heritage. 
Devine, H. (2010).  After the spirit sang. In B. Beaty, E. Briton, G. Filax, & R. Sullivan, (Eds.), How Canadians Communicate III. Athabasca University Press.
Doucet, M. (2007). Library and Archives Canada: A Case Study of a National Library, Archives, and Museum Merger. RBM, 8(1), 61-66. 
Oliphant, T., & McNally, M. B. (2014). Professional decline and resistance: The case of Library and Archives Canada. Radical Teacher, 99, 54–61.
Recommended Readings
Aronczyk, M., & Brady, M. J. (2015). Branding history at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Canadian Journal of Communication, 40(2).
Ashley, S. (2005). State authority and the public sphere: Ideas on the changing role of the museum as a Canadian social institution. Museum and Society, 3(1), 5–17.
Bell, C. (2015, January). Protecting Indigenous cultural heritage: Issues of Canadian law. [Video]. SFU President’s Dream Colloquium on Protecting Indigenous Cultural Heritage.
Berthiaume, G. & Nicholls, S. (2016). The twain shall meet: 10 years of evolution and innovation at Library and Archives Canada. IFLA.
Coombe, R. (2012). Managing cultural heritage as neo-liberal governmentality. In R. Bendix, A. Eggert, A. Peselmann, & S. Meßling (Eds.), Heritage Regimes and the State. Gottingen Studies on Cultural Property, Vol. 6, (pp. 375-389). Gottingen University Press.
Coombes A. E., & Phillips, R. B. (2015). Museums in transformation: Dynamics of democratization and decolonization. In S. Macdonald, H. Rees Leahy, et al. [Eds.], The International Handbooks of Museum Studies: Vol. 4. Wiley.
Duff, P. A. (2009). Indigenous, minority and heritage language education in Canada: Policies, contexts, and issues. Canadian Modern Language Review, 66(1), 1-8.
Given, L. M., & McTavish, L. (2010). What’s old is new again: The reconvergence of libraries, archives, and museums in the digital age. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 80(1), 7–32.
Curtis, J. M. (2012). Intellectual property rights and international trade: An overview. Waterloo, Ontario: The Centre for International Governance Innovation. 
Landry, C. (2013). Creativity, culture & the city: A question of interconnection. Ministry of Family, Children, Youth, Culture and Sport of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Langlois, M-C. (2013). Canada’s national museums. Library of Parliament. Publication No. 2013-06-E.
Leowen, C. (2008). Transformation, exploration, innovation: Library and Archives Canada's access policy framework, archives and manuscripts. Archives and Manuscripts, 36(2), 148–168.
Leung, C. K. Y. (2006). Usable pasts, staging belongings: Articulating a “heritage” of multiculturalism in Canada. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 6(2), 162–179.
Logan, W. (2012). Cultural diversity, cultural heritage and human rights: Towards heritage management as human rights-based cultural practice. International Journal of Heritage Studies 18(3), 1-14.
McTavish, L., Ashley, S., Igloliorte, H., Robertson, K., & Terry, A. (2017). Critical museum theory/ museum studies in Canada: A conversation. Acadiensis: Journal of the history of the Atlantic region / Revue d’histoire de la region atlantique, 46(2), 223-224.
Phillips, R. J., & Martin, G. (2020). Listing and protecting culturally significant events: Intangible cultural heritage and policy considerations for hockey broadcasting in Canada. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 26(5), 584-596.
Pocius, G. L. (2002). Issue paper on intangible heritage prepared for Department of Canadian Heritage – Heritage Policy Branch. St. John’s: Memorial University.
Voon, T. (2007). Cultural products and the World Trade Organization. Cambridge University Press: Legal Studies Research Paper No. 342. 
Wilson, I. E. (2008). Library and Archives Canada: A unique institution. Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues, 20(1).
Policy Documents
Canada (2018). Moving forward – Towards a stronger Canadian museum sector. Report of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage. House of Commons.
Canadian Heritage. (2013). Digital Preservation Policy Framework: Development Guideline Version 2.1.
Langlois, M-C. (2013, February 6). Canada’s National Museums. Parliament of Canada.
Library and Archives Canada Act. SC 2004, c. 11.
Library and Archives Canada (2006a). Digital Collection Development Policy.
Library and Archives Canada (2006c). Report to Parliament on Plans and Priorities, 2006–2007.
Royal Society of Canada (2014). The future now: Canada’s libraries, archives and public memory. RSC.

Readings for Unit 9—Go Back to the World: Cohesive Communities, Sustainability, and the Social Effects of Culture

Required Readings
Creative City Network of Canada. (2007). Exploring the cultural dimensions of sustainability. Creative City News, Special Edition 4.
Jeannotte, M. S. (2003). Singing alone? The contribution of cultural capital to social cohesion and sustainable communities. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 9(1), 35–49.
Jenson, J. (2002). Identifying the links: Social cohesion and culture. Canadian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 141–151.
Stanley, D. (2006). Introduction: The social effects of culture. Canadian Journal of Communication, 31(1), 7–15.
Recommended Readings
Bagwell, S. (2008). Creative clusters and city growth. Creative Industries Journal 1(1), 31–46.
Brault, S. (2005). The arts and culture as new engines of economic and social development. Policy Options, 26(3), 56–60.
Cole, N. L. (2013, September 19). What is cultural capital? Do I have it? ThoughtCo.
Duxbury, N., Hosagrahar, J., & Pascual, J. (2016). Why must culture be at the heart of sustainable urban development? UCLG.
Duxbury, N., & Jeannotte, M. S. (2012). Including culture in sustainability: An assessment of Canada’s Integrated Community Sustainability Plans. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 4(1), 1–19.
Hawkes, J. (2001). The fourth pillar of sustainability: Culture’s essential role in public planning. Cultural Development Network Victoria.
Hill, K., & Capriotti, K. (2008). Social effects of culture: Detailed statistical models. Statistical Insights on the Arts, 7(4).
Jeannotte, M. S. (2015). Transforming communities through the arts: A study of three Toronto neighbourhoods. Cultural Trends, 24(2), 197–201.
Jeannotte, M. S. (2005). Just showing up: Social and cultural capital in everyday life. In C. Andrew, M. Gattinger, M. S. Jeannotte & W. Straw (Eds.), Accounting for culture: Thinking through cultural citizenship (pp. 124–145). Ottawa: The University of Ottawa Press.
Landry, C. (2013). Creativity, culture & the city: A question of interconnection. Ministry of Family, Children, Youth, Culture and Sport of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Leslie, D., & Rantisi, N. M. (2006). Governing the design economy in Montréal, Canada. Urban Affairs Review, 41(3), 309–337.
Mitchell, R. and Duxbury, N. (2001). Making connections: Cultural and social cohesion in the new millennium. Canadian Journal of Communication, 26(4).
Murray, C. (2009). Rhetoric and reality about the creative economy: Prospects for museums? Fellows Lecture for the Canadian Museum Association.
Peraire, M., Valent, J., & Pascual, J. (2014). Cultural policies and sustainable development. UCLG.
Pratt, A. C. (2008). Creative cities: The cultural industries and the creative class. LSE Research Online.
Sinha, V. (2014, March 20). The arts as a vector of social cohesion and culture in Canadian communities. PP + G Review.
UNESCO (May 2011, May). The social benefits of heritage.  Museum International,  62 (1-2), 249-250.
UNESCO. Creative Cities Network (short version). [video].
Policy Documents
Canada (2002). Inclusion for All: A Canadian Roadmap to Social Cohesion.
Canada (2016). Social Impacts and Benefits of Arts and Culture.
Canada. Department of Justice (2002). Inclusion for All: A Canadian Roadmap to Social Cohesion.
Canada Council for the Arts. (2012). Public engagement in the arts: Discussion paper. Ottawa: Canada Council for the Arts.
Department of Canadian Heritage (2016). Social Impacts and Benefits of Arts and Culture: A Literature Review.
Department of Municipal Affairs Newfoundland and Labrador. (2009). Integrated community sustainability plan framework.
Phoenix Strategic Perspectives Inc. (2007). Final report – The arts and heritage in Canada: Access and availability 2007. Ottawa: Prepared for the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Québec. (2012). Culture today tomorrow: Québec’s agenda 21 for culture. Ministère de la Culture et des Communications.
Third UNESCO World Forum on Culture and Cultural Industries. (2014). Culture, creativity and sustainable development. Research, innovation, opportunities: Florence Declaration.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. (2015). Whole-of-government framework.
UNESCO (2020, January 17). Connecting Culture and Sustainability.
United Nations General Assembly. (2014). Culture and sustainable development: Report of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. A/69/216.

Readings for Unit 10— I’ve Seen the Future Brother: The Impacts of Digital Technology

Required Readings
Davis, C. H., & Zboralska, E. (2018). Cultural policy in the time of digital disruption: The case of creative Canada.  Munk School, University of Toronto.
Jeannotte, M. S. (2022). Digital platforms and analogue policies: Governance issues in Canadian cultural policy. Canadian Journal of Communication, 47(2).
Throsby, D. (2012)  New technologies in cultural institutions: Theory, evidence and policy implications. International Journal Of Cultural Policy, 18(2), 205–222.
Recommended Readings
Bakhshi, H., & Throsby, D. (2012). New technologies in cultural institutions: Theory, evidence and policy implications. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 18(2), 205–222.
Boldman, M. (2022, May 12). For Canada’s cultural sector, it’s now or never. We need the Online Streaming Act to end free rides for big tech. The Toronto Star.
Cultural Human Resources Council. (2011). Culture 3.0: Impact of emerging digital technologies on human resources in the cultural sector. Ottawa: Cultural Human Resources Council.
Firman, A. (2005). Engaging Civil Society in Cultural Governance. UNESCO World Report.
Given, L. M., & McTavish, L. (2010). What’s old is new again: The reconvergence of libraries, archives, and museums in the digital age. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 80(1), 7–32.
Henderson, G. (2017, June 16). The value gap in Canada’s cultural industries. Policy Options.
Miller, J. (2012). Net neutrality regulation in Canada: assessing the CRTC’s statutory competency to regulate the internet. Appeal, 17, 47-62.
Pratt, A.C. (2012). The cultural and creative industries: Organisational and spatial challenges to their governance. Die Erde, 143(4), 317-334.
Serson, T. (2021). Understanding Creative Canada: Cultural policy, public sentiment, and digital tax reforms. OCAD Open University Research Repository.
Sirois, G., Casemajor, N., & Bellavance, G. (2020). Cultural participation in digital environments: Goals and stakes for Quebec cultural policies. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 27(5), 650-666.
Woehrle, E. (2017). Creative Canada: Publishing content vs. publishing culture. PUB 371. The Structure of the Book Publishing Industry in Canada.
Wolff. M. (2022, April 11). Streamers may be required to feature more Cancon. But what should qualify as Canadian? CBC News.
Policy Documents
Canadian Heritage (2022). Online Streaming Act.
Canada (2020). Canada’s communications future: Time to act.
Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage (2003). Our Cultural Sovereignty: The Second Century of Canadian Broadcasting.

Readings for Unit 11— Mighty Ship of State: Cultural Governance

Required Readings
Gattinger, M. (2005). Creative pique: On governance and engagement in the cultural sector. In C. Andrew, M. Gattinger, M. S. Jeannotte, & W. Straw (Eds.), Accounting for culture: Thinking through cultural citizenship (pp. 201–220). University of Ottawa Press.
Liu, J. C. Y. (2016, May). The ecology of culture and values: Implications for cultural policy and governance. ENCATC Scholars, 6.
Paquette, J. (2008) Engineering the northern bohemian: Local cultural policies and governance in the creative city era. Space and Polity, 12(3), 297-310.
Recommended Readings
Duxbury, N. (2014) Cultural governance in sustainable cities. Agora, 1(1), 165-182.
Gattinger, M. (2008). Multilevel governance and cultural infrastructure: A review of Canadian and international experiences. In N. Duxbury (Ed.), Under construction: The state of cultural infrastructure in Canada (pp. B1-B18). Centre of Expertise on Culture and Communities, Simon Fraser University.
Harvey, J. (2003). Creative management in the arts and heritage: Sustaining and renewing professional management for the 21st century. Canadian Conference of the Arts.
Lindkvist, K. (2016). Dilemmas and paradoxes of regional cultural policy implementation: Governance modes, discretion, and policy outcome. Administration and Society, 51(1).
Mattocks, K. (2021). Experimentation in federal cultural policy. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge.
Pratt, A. C. (2012). The cultural and creative industries: Organisational and spatial challenges to their governance. Die Erde, 143(4), 317-334.
Shipley, R., & Kovacs, J. (2005). Principles for the governance of the heritage conservation sector in Canada: Lessons from international experience. Heritage Resources Centre.
Turbide, J., & Laurin, C. (2014). Governance in the arts and culture nonprofit sector: Vigilance or indifference? Administrative Sciences, 4(4), 413–431.
Turbide, J., Laurin, C., Lapierre, L., & Morissette, R. (2008). Financial crises in the arts sector: Is governance the illness or the cure? International Journal of Arts Management, 10(2), 4–13.
Policy Documents
Alberta Culture and Tourism. (2015). Board Development Program Information Bulletins.
Canadian Heritage. (2015). Canadian Heritage portfolio: A handbook for Governor in council appointees. Ottawa: Catalogue No: CH1-33/2015E-PDF, ISSN: 2369-0534.
Government of Canada. (2007). Canadian Heritage Portfolio, Governor in Council Appointments.
SaskCulture. (n.d.). Good Governance. (Website and section links).

Readings for Unit 12—Closing Time: How Do We Know the Value of Culture?

Recommended Readings
Belfiore, E., & Bennett, O. (2010). Beyond the “toolkit approach”: Arts impact evaluation research and the realities of cultural policy-making. Journal for Cultural Research, 14(2), 121–142.
Bourcheix-Laporte, M. (2021). Creative Canada: A Critical Look at a "New" Cultural Policy Framework. CRTC.
Bourcheix-Laporte, M. (2021b). Digital cultural industrialism and the arts: A critical look at Creative Canada and the Canada Council for the Arts’ Digital Strategy Fund. In D. Beauregard, & J. Paquette, (Eds.), Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge.
Hewison, R. (2012). The benefits of the valuing culture debate, 2003–2011. Cultural Trends, 21(3), 209–210.
Holden, J. (2004). Capturing cultural value: How culture has become a tool of government policy. Demos.
Kim, T. (2021). Understanding creative economy policies in the Canadian context: a case study of “Creative Canada”. Cultural Trends, 30(5), 425-441.
McCaughey, C., Duxbury, N., & Meisner, A. (2014). Measuring cultural value in Canada: From national commissions to a culture satellite account. Cultural Trends, 23(2), 109–119.
Policy Documents
Canadian Heritage (2015, March). Culture statistics strategy newsletter, Vol. 1.
Canadian Heritage (2015, October). Culture statistics strategy newsletter, Vol. 2.
Global Affairs Canada (2015). Canadian Culture in a Global World. 
Statistics Canada. (2011). Conceptual framework for culture statistics 2011. Canadian framework for culture statistics. Publication 87-542-X, No. 1.
Statistics Canada. (2014). Overview of the Canadian culture satellite account. Income and expenditure accounts technical series. Publication 13-604-M, No. 75.
Statistics Canada. (2015). Provincial and territorial culture satellite account, 2010. Income and expenditure accounts technical series. Publication 13-604-M, No. 79.